Bava Kamma 55: הַפּוֹרֵץ גָּדֵר

For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 55

To download, click/tap here: PDF

We begin Perek VI with a new Mishna. It shares a number of cases that suggest a general rule: the owner of animals is liable for any damage that those animals do if their behaviour is beyond the owner's control. If thieves let the sheep out at night and they do damage, the thieves are liable, not the owner of the sheep. If a field is damaged by stray animals, it is assessed based on its value before and after the damage was done. Rabbi Shimon suggests that if a ripe fruit is eaten by an animal, the value of a ripe fruit is paid for by the animal's owner. If one se'a is eaten, the payment is for one se’a.

Bava Kamma 54: שׁוֹרְךָ וַחֲמֹרְךָ

For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 54

To download, click/tap here: PDF

When describing an animal that falls into a bor (a ditch or hole in the ground) the Torah talks about an ox or a donkey (see Shemot 21:33).

The Gemara asks: And from where do we derive concerning Shabbat itself that the words “ox” and “donkey” are referring to all types of animals? As it is taught in a baraita: Rabbi Yosei says in the name of Rabbi Yishmael: In the first version of the Ten Commandmentsit is stated:

“Your manservant, your maidservant, nor your cattle” (Exodus 20:10), whereas in the second version of the Ten Commandments it is stated:

“Nor your ox, nor your donkey, nor any of your cattle” (Deuteronomy 5:14). Now, aren’t an ox and a donkey already included in the category of: All animals, which are included in the term “cattle”?

We explore the different versions of the Decalogue for different scholarly perspectives.

Bava Kamma 53: מִקּוֹל הַכְּרִיָּיה

For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 53

To download, click/tap here: PDF

According to the Mishna (52a) if the noise from digging frightens an animal into falling into a bor (a pit or hole in the public domain) the person who is responsible for the bor will be held liable for damage to the animal. Sudden, surprising noises can affect people and cause them to lose their balance and fall. This is certainly true of an animal which likely will react to an unexpected noise that emanates from a place that it cannot see, causing it to fall into the bor.

We explore the notion of acoustic trauma and its effect on the brain and falling.

Bava Kamma 52: קַרְקַשְׁתָּא

For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 52

To download, click/tap here: PDF

Reish Lakish says in the name of Rabbi Yannai: With regard to one who sells a flock of sheep to another, once he conveys the mashkukhit to the buyer, he has acquired the flock.

The Gemara asks: What are the circumstances of this case? If the transaction occurred by pulling the flock into his possession, then let the buyer acquire it by pulling. If it was by conveying it, let the buyer acquire it by the seller conveying it. The Gemara answers: Actually, it was a transaction by pulling, and in that case, the seller usually must say to him: Go, pull it, and acquire it for yourself. And in this case, once he conveys the mashkukhit to him, he is like one who says to him: Go, pull it, and acquire it.

We explore the legal acquisition of an animal by pulling then discuss the use of the nose ring and its symbolism as jewelry.

Bava Kamma 51: אַחַר אַחֲרוֹן לְמִיתָה

For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 51

To download, click/tap here: PDF

Our mishnah deals with the duty to cover a pit.

We learn here that if the pit was owned by two people, the last one to be at the pit is the one responsible for damages done if he left the pit uncovered.

Even though the first person also left the pit uncovered, since the second person was the last to be at the pit, he is the one held accountable.

Later (51a), the Gemara cites another Beraisa that states that if one digs a Bor ten Tefachim deep, a second person extends it to twenty Tefachim, and a third person deepens it to thirty Tefachim, they are all liable.

We explore the liability and risk from fatality falling from heights.

Bava Kamma 50: זָכָר שֶׁל רְחֵלִים נִזְדַּמֵּן לִי

For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 50

To download, click/tap here: PDF

The Gemara brings a baraita that tells the story of Nehunia Hofer Shihin‘s daughter who fell into a cistern (some manuscripts have “the great cistern,” which would be a reference to a particular cistern that was in the Temple precincts).

When the report reached Rabbi Ḥanina ben Dosa, he reported that all was well, and after a time that she had been saved. When questioned about it, Rabbi Ḥanina ben Dosa said that throughout the ordeal he was certain that Nehunia Hofer Shihin‘s daughter was safe because she would not be punished with the very object that her father devoted his life to.

The daughter said that a ram with a Zaken leading it pulled her out of the Bor and Rashi explains that it was the ram of Yitzchak Avinu that was led by Avraham Avinu.

The Pnei Yehoshua explains that it was already decreed from Heaven that she will die and therefore it was no longer possible for her to be saved without someone else dying in her place.

Therefore when R. Chanina Ben Dosa prayed that she would live it was decreed that someone else must die in her place. This concept is hinted to with the ram of Akeidas Yitzchak: the ram was brought in place of Yitzchak on the Mizbe'ach. Yitzchak's life could not have been spared if the lamb would not have been brought instead of him.

We analyze this wonderful story.

Bava Kamma 49: לְמִי שֶׁיּוֹלֶדֶת מַשְׁבַּחַת

For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 49

To download, click/tap here: PDF

MISHNA: In the case of an ox that was intending to gore another ox but struck a pregnant woman, and her offspring, i.e., the fetuses, emerged due to miscarriage, the owner of the ox is exempt from paying compensation for miscarried offspring. But in the case of a person who was intending to injure another but struck a pregnant woman instead, and her offspring emerged due to miscarriage, he pays compensation for miscarried offspring.

The court appraises the value of the woman by calculating how much she would be worth if sold as a maidservant before giving birth, and how much she would be worth after giving birth. He then pays the difference in value to the woman’s husband.

We explore the legal parameters of valuation of the worth of fetus following miscarriage and traumatic injury.

Bava Kamma 48: נָפַל לְבוֹר וְהִבְאִישׁ מֵימָיו

For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 48

To download, click/tap here: PDF

If someone brings his Shor into the courtyard of his friend without permission and it was gored by the Shor of the Ba'al ha'Bayis he is Patur. If his Shor gores the Shor of the Ba'al ha'Bayis if it is a Tam, he pays Chatzi Nezek and if it is a Mu'ad he pays Nezek Shalem which is the Din of a Shor that gores in the Reshus ha'Rabim. If the Shor falls into a Bor and ruins the water if the water was ruined immediately when the Shor fell in, he is Chayav, but if it was ruined after a while, he is Patur because the Shor is considered a Bor and the water is the same as utensils and a Bor is Patur for utensils. If he brought in his Shor with permission, he is Patur.

Our daf also quotes Rava (some say it was Rav Pappa) as ruling that in cases where two people interact and both end up injured, the liability of each one will depend on what happens.

This leads us to explore the world of personal injury as applied to motor vehicle accidents, liability and fraud on both the passenger as well as the insurance companies side.

Bava Kamma 47: חַיָּיב בְּדִינֵי שָׁמַיִם

For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 47

To download, click/tap here: PDF

According to the Mishna, if someone places his fruit in someone else’s yard without his permission, the owner of the yard will not be responsible if his animal eats the fruit; if the animal is injured by the fruit, then the owner of the fruit will be liable for damage done to the animal.

In the Gemara, Rav argues that the owner of the fruit will only be held liable if the animal tripped on the fruit or slipped on them.

The Sages said: The same is true, that even if the animal was injured by eating the produce, he would also be exempt according to human laws, and this baraita teaches us this, that even in the case of poison, which is not suitable for eating, the one who placed the poison before the animal is liable according to the laws of Heaven.

This idea of heavenly justice vs court imposed justice is explored with the work of Haim Shapira.

Bava Kamma 46: הַמּוֹצִיא מֵחֲבֵירוֹ – עָלָיו הָרְאָיָה

For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 46

To download, click/tap here: PDF

We begin Perek IV with a new Mishna. It addresses what should be done when an ox is killed alongside its infant. When it is not known whether or not the baby was born before or after the ox gored. Who pays, and how much? IS this a case of half damages, where that money is paid by whom? Or is this a case where full damages what be paid by an owner of the ox?

We explore the dimensions of “justice” as defined by rabbinic Judaism, particularly as it pertains to the challenges posed by allegations of sexual harassment and abuse.

The recent #MeToo and #TimesUp movements have been instrumental in lowering society’s tolerance for sexual harassment, abuse, and assault. What might have been “socially acceptable” a few years ago may now result in public excoriations.

Yet the events following the Hamas attack on OCT 7 which included brutal raping of women was met with delays, obfuscations and silence on the part of women’s movements, UN and NGO agencies.

Bava Kamma 45: וְלֹא יִשְׁמְרֶנּוּ בְּעָלָיו

For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 45

To download, click/tap here: PDF

What level of care does the owner of an animal need to provide in order to be perceived as having done what is required of him?

The Mishna presents situations where basic precautions were in place – the animal was tied up or was in an enclosed area – situations where the animal would ordinarily be kept from getting loose but can get loose if it tries. In those kinds of situations we find three opinions on this matter if the animal escapes and causes damage:

R’ Meir says: If an ox owner tied it with its reins, or locked the gate in front of it properly, yet it escaped and damaged, whether it was a tam or muad, the owner is liable. R’ Yehuda says: If it was a tam, the owner would be liable, but if it was a muad, he is not.

This is derived from the verse that says in the context of the liability for a muad in Shemos 21:36 “Its owner did not guard it” and this ox was guarded. R’ Eliezer says: There is no level of guarding that is sufficient for a muad, short of putting it to death.

We review the magisterial monograph by J J Finkelstein who died tragically at age 52.

Bava Kamma 44: לְגוֹי – וְהָרַג בֶּן יִשְׂרָאֵל

For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 44

To download, click/tap here: PDF

The Mishna on our daf lists seven cases of people who own an ox that will be killed because it killed a person. The first case on the list is that of an ox owned by a woman. In bringing a source for this law, the Gemara quotes a baraita that points to the Torah’s repetition of the word shor (ox) seven times in the passages that deal with a goring ox (see Shemot 21:28-32), which includes all of the “unusual” cases.

We compare the code of Hammurabi with the laws of tort in Mishpatim.

Bava Kamma 43: וְנָגְפוּ אִשָּׁה

For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 43

To download, click/tap here: PDF

Rebbi Akiva teaches that a husband inherits his wife's property mid'Oraisa. The Gemara questions this from a Beraisa which teaches that when a pregnant woman is hit and the fetus is lost, the money of the "Demei Vlados" is given to the husband, and the Nezek and Tza'ar that the woman suffered is paid to her. If the husband dies, the Demei Vlados is given to his heirs. If the woman dies, the Nezek and Tza'ar is given to her heirs and not to her husband. If a husband inherits his wife, why should the husband not receive his wife's Nezek and Tza’ar?

We explore the source for Abortion in Halacha based on tort law.

Bava Kamma 42: בַּעַל הַשּׁוֹר נָקִי

For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 42

To download, click/tap here: PDF

We have learned earlier that if a man injures a woman and causes her to miscarry, whether or not he intended to harm her or the fetus, he is liable to pay damages as the woman's husband sees fit. The potential life that was lost might have been anyone, might have done anything - there is no way to determine the true value of that potential person. But what if an ox causes a woman to miscarry? Does it make a difference whether or not the ox intended to harm the woman? Does it matter whether the ox was tam or mu'ad? Is the ox's owner liable to pay for damages that might be incurred?

The Torah is emphatic that injuries done to men and women will be punished the same way (see, for example Shemot 21:28 and 21:29). In discussing this point, the Gemara brings a baraita that teaches that if a pregnant woman is injured, leading her to miscarry, the woman will receive payments of nezek and tza’ar (damage to her as well as pain and suffering) while her husband will receive the penalty meted out for the loss of the unborn child – known as demei veladot – as stipulated in the Torah (see Shemot 21:22).

We continue to explore the philosophical notions of animal consciousness.

Bava Kamma 41: כָּךְ אֲנִי בְּעֵינֶיךָ

For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 41

To download, click/tap here: PDF

One of the most common words in the Hebrew language cannot be translated into English. The word et introduces many words in the Torah, and according to many of the Sages, we can use it as a source to learn new laws.

One such case is shor ha-niskal where someone’s ox gores and kills another person. As we saw on yesterday’s daf , in that case the Torah teaches that the ox is stoned and its meat cannot be eaten. The passage that says that its meat cannot be eaten – v’lo ye’akhel et besaro – is understood by the Gemara to teach us prohibitions against eating its meat, as well as deriving benefit from its meat. According to some opinions in the Gemara, the word et is understood to teach that the animal’s skin also cannot be used; according to others we must learn this from elsewhere in the passage, since they do not believe that the word et can be used to teach halakhot.

These positions are found in a baraita that brings the teachings of Shimon (some say Nehemia) ha-Amasoni, who was known to learn halakhot from every et that appeared in the Torah. When he reached the passage of et ha-Shem Elokekha tira (Devarim 10:20), which teaches that you should be in awe of God, he could not think of an appropriate thing to learn from the word et, and he stopped making such derashot.

We look at the notion of rabbinic authority and tradition.

Bava Kama 40: שׁוֹר הָאִצְטָדִין

For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 40

To download, click/tap here: PDF

Ordinarily, an animal that kills a person will be put to death. According to the Mishna (39a) shor ha-itztadin – a “stadium ox” (i.e. a bull that was trained to fight) will not be killed if it killed a person, since the passage that teaches that law indicates that the animal will be killed if it gores, not if it was instigated by others to gore (see Shemot 21:28).

We explore the history and mythology, the antiquity and politics of the "ox in the stadium” or bullfighting!

Bava Kamma 39: נִתְפַּקֵּחַ הַחֵרֵשׁ

For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 39

To download, click/tap here: PDF

In certain situations where a person cannot fend for himself, Jewish law appoints an apotropus – a legal guardian – who accepts the responsibility of looking out for the person’s interests. The Mishna on our daf discusses the case of an ox that belonged to a heresh, shotah ve-katan – a deaf-mute, an imbecile, or a child – all of whom are perceived as unable to take care of their own affairs.

Owners like those will not be held responsible for damage done by the ox, but if the ox is found to be violent, then an apotropus will be appointed by the courts so that witnesses can come forward and testify about the ox

However, until it becomes clear that there is a problem with the animal, the court will not appoint an apotropus.

We continue our review of the place of animals in antiquity especially Beth Brkowitz's study of animals in ancient Judaism.

Bava Kamma 38: דִּקְדַּקְנוּ בְּכׇל תּוֹרַתְכֶם

For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 38

To download, click/tap here: PDF

Somewhat surprisingly, the Mishna (37b) rules that if the ox of a Jew gored the ox of a non-Jew, he will not have to pay, but if the ox of a non-Jew gored the ox of a Jew, we will make him pay full damages, whether the ox was a tam or a mu’ad (i.e. whether or not the ox had a history of violence).

The Gemara concludes that when the Roman government sent scholars to the Sages and demanded that they be taught the Torah, upon completing their course of study those representatives stated that the entire Torah is true, aside from this halakha that forces the non-Jew to pay in full but frees the Jew entirely.

We examine the attitude to gentiles in the Talmud as well as the use of this by the Church and the Nazis.

Bava Kamma 37: חֲזָרָה דִבְהֵמָה לָאו חֲזָרָה הִיא

For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 37

To download, click/tap here: PDF

An ox that is a mu’ad to damage other oxen but no other animals, or if it is a mu’ad to gore people but not animals, or if it is a mu’ad for children but not for adults, for whatever it is a mu’ad, he (its owner) pays full damages, and for whatever it is a tam, he pays half damages.

They asked Rabbi Yehudah: What happens if an animal is a mu’ad for Shabbos and not for the weekdays? Rabbi Yehudah told them: For damages done on Shabbos, he pays full damages, and for damages done during the week, he pays half of the damages.

Rashi explains the rationale as follows: Since the animal does not work on Shabbos, we may assume that it becomes arrogant and therefore it acts upon its destructive urges and begins to gore or it is the only day on which the animal is not tethered to something, and the freedom that it has may lead it to out-of-the ordinary acts of violence.

Tosfos cites a Yerushalmi which explains differently: The animal’s Jewish owners tend to wear different clothing on Shabbos. The ox, unable to recognize its owner, becomes confused and decides to gore.

We compare ox vs cow and buffalo.

Bava Kamma 36: אַחֲרוֹן אַחֲרוֹן נִשְׂכָּר

For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 36

To download, click/tap here: PDF

Following the discussion in the previous chapter concerning the calculation of compensation for damage caused by an innocuous ox, this chapter opens with a discussion of a case where the ox injured or killed several other animals. Since compensation is paid exclusively from proceeds of the sale of the belligerent ox, in a case where several animals were injured or killed, the proceeds must be divided among their owners.

We continue our comparison between jewish and Roman law with the scholarship of Boaz Cohen.